The construction industry loses $15.8 billion yearly because tools don’t work together and processes are fragmented. These numbers show why virtual design and construction plays a crucial role in today’s project management.
VDC in construction can revolutionize your project results. Companies that use virtual design and construction BIM see remarkable improvements. Their projects have 73% fewer errors and 65% fewer defects when handed over. They also see productivity jump by 14-15% while saving 4-6% on costs. Poor communication and data management cause 52% of construction rework, but virtual design & construction software offers a clear solution.
Your team can see designs, test different scenarios, and work together in real time with VDC. You can build symbolic models of products, organizations, and processes early in the project. This saves both time and money down the line. This piece shows you how VDC implementation reduces physical waste from rework and improves your project’s efficiency.
The Core Principles of Virtual Design & Construction
Virtual design and construction (VDC) revolutionizes how construction projects are planned and executed. VDC represents “the use of multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the Product (i.e., facilities), Work Processes and Organization of the design – construction – operation team in order to support business objectives” [1]. This approach lets you create symbolic representations of your project before spending substantial resources. You can detect potential issues early.
Product, Process, and Organization (POP) model
The POP model provides the foundations of virtual design and construction. It serves as an integrated framework where all project aspects work together:
- Product: The final deliverable to the client—the physical building, infrastructure, or facility modeled in BIM. You can visualize the final result and improve it through digital simulations [2].
- Process: The methods, workflows, and activities your team follows throughout the project lifecycle. Project Production Management (PPM) manages this component to improve workflows, reduce variability, and eliminate waste [2].
- Organization: The people who deliver the project and how they work together. Based on Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE) sessions, this component helps team members work effectively toward common goals [2].
The POP framework’s power comes from its integrated nature. VDC in construction recognizes how these elements depend on each other. Changes in one component show related effects in other models [2]. A matrix shows these connections by relating each component to function, form, and behavior concepts [2].
Function shows project requirements. Form has the design elements that meet these requirements. Behavior shows predicted or measured performance like cost or schedule [2]. The matrix reveals how changes ripple through the project, such as design changes affecting construction processes.
How VDC supports Lean Project Delivery
Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS) aims to maximize value while reducing waste in construction. VDC software improves this approach in several ways:
VDC makes early involvement of construction professionals possible during design phases. 3D modeling creates a shared vision among stakeholders from the start. Communication and teamwork improve [1]. This cooperative environment helps solve one of construction’s biggest problems—poor communication and data flow.
VDC supports LPDS by adding process knowledge to product design. Your team can show construction sequencing at every level when you use 4D models (3D + time) early [1]. This helps you:
- Visualize potential safety issues before they occur
- Shield production activities from uncertainty
- Identify and solve clashes during design rather than construction
- Create efficient handoffs between different teams and phases
VDC and Lean principles together create “Lean Digital Project Delivery.” Digital tools adapt to new site data continuously. They guide strategic planning and daily operations [3]. This approach helps collect design details, gather site information, and make collaborative planning easier. The project’s business objectives stay on track.
These core principles change how teams visualize, plan, and execute projects. The focus shifts from solving problems to preventing them.
Building a Collaborative VDC Team
People, not technology, drive successful virtual design and construction implementation. VDC creates new opportunities for teams to work together in a variety of roles, teams, and companies. The model serves as a communication tool between owners, designers, trades, and contractors [4].
Roles of project managers, designers, and contractors
The VDC team structure needs clearly defined roles with specific responsibilities:
Project Manager, VDC leads the implementation of BIM requirements for each project and lines up with the BIM execution plan [5]. They coordinate all aspects of virtual design and construction, including BIM coordination and clash detection using tools like Navisworks [5]. The VDC Project Manager’s role extends beyond technical duties. They provide strategic leadership to increase their organization’s competence in BIM/VDC while supporting business development efforts and adopting state-of-the-art solutions [5].
BIM/VDC Manager shapes and executes virtual design and construction processes throughout the project lifecycle [6]. They become the face of VDC to projects and focus on successful planning, execution, and support of VDC processes in regional projects of all sizes [7]. This role connects all stakeholders and helps them exchange information [7].
Designers and engineers team up with the VDC team to combine smoothly their models with project goals and schedules [8]. They join coordination meetings and use their specialized knowledge to solve design problems before construction begins.
Contractors and trade partners work together through the VDC platform and share construction expertise during design development. They ensure the virtual model can be built [4]. Their early involvement eliminates physical waste from rework—a core goal of VDC workflows [4].
A collaborative VDC team’s strength comes from bringing different expertise together through technology. VDC technology enables multiple multi-disciplinary parties to work in a virtual environment. Everyone gets the most current design information which boosts off-site coordination [9].
Setting up Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE) sessions
Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE) stands as the first pillar of successful VDC implementation [10]. These sessions go beyond traditional meetings. They are highly structured collaborative working sessions that solve problems quickly.
The quickest way to establish ICE sessions:
- Define clear objectives – The project team should know what outcomes they want to achieve [10]
- Invite relevant participants – Decision-makers must attend these sessions [11]
- Create a structured agenda – Each discussion item needs specific time allocations [12]
- Prepare visualization tools – Advanced technology improves visualization during the meeting [10]
- Assign roles – A session leader, facilitator, and recorder manage the flow and document decisions [13]
Teams can measure ICE sessions’ effectiveness through specific metrics. One goal reduces RFI resolution time through ICE meetings. At least 90% of queries should be resolved in less than 2 days [10]. Each participant should suggest two workflow optimizations during each session [10].
Well-structured ICE sessions break down traditional barriers between disciplines. VDC becomes more than a technical exercise. It transforms into a powerful framework for human collaboration that improves project success.
Integrating VDC into the Design Phase
Projects have grown complex, and teams need virtual design and construction during the design phase. Cloud technology has changed how design teams work together over the last several years. Teams now make better decisions and catch errors before construction starts.
Cloud-based model authoring
Cloud technology has improved VDC capabilities by a lot. Teams can now work with intelligent 3D design models and share their work instantly between offices and stakeholders – something impossible ten years ago [2]. BIM360 and Autodesk Construction Cloud let teams host all design models. Team members and trade partners can work on projects at the same time [2]. This creates a shared cloud workspace where architects, engineers, contractors, and owners access the latest information from anywhere [14].
Cloud-based authoring tools exploit BIM information as a database of parameters, quantities, means and methods, progress tracking, cost, and schedule [2]. These tools give trade partners secure access as co-authors. This replaces old-school shop drawings for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing prefabrication plans.
Spatial planning and early clash detection
Design teams need spatial planning as a crucial early VDC application. Virtual design and construction helps teams arrange equipment and systems using:
- Utility point-of-use maps
- Room cards or room data sheets
- Spatial allocation zones
Designers analyze space and understand complexity, standards, and regulations through this process [2]. The model tracks all spatial planning metrics throughout the project. Square footage, department assignments, headcounts, and room assets live as parameters. Teams can analyze data better when everything stays in one place [2].
Model coordination, or clash detection, has grown. Teams think, build, and coordinate in 3D [2]. BIM clash detection finds conflicts between building systems virtually before construction starts [15]. The system spots overlapping design elements that could cause construction problems. Teams fix these issues before moving forward [15]. This is a big deal as it means that a $200,000 VDC labor effort saved one project $2.22 million in rework and $542,000 in schedule costs [16].
Using virtual reality for design validation
Virtual reality has become a powerful design verification tool in VDC workflows. VR does more than just help architects show off designs – contractors, operations managers, and clients use it to check mechanical and electrical rooms before construction [17]. They experience spaces virtually and give an explanation about design flaws and layout priorities. This helps designers create more efficient layouts [17].
VR’s immersive nature shows scale in ways that 2D drawings or standard 3D models can’t match. Looking at a mechanical room in VR helps spot maintenance issues from an operator’s view, esthetic concerns from an owner’s view, or construction challenges from an installer’s view [17]. Using VR to verify designs before construction saves time and money by catching issues that might stay hidden until construction begins [17].
These VDC technologies help you visualize and plan building designs, processes, schedules, and budgets with amazing precision during the design phase. Your workflow becomes more efficient, quality improves, and risks drop [9].
Applying VDC During Construction
Construction kickoff marks the point where virtual design and construction shifts from theory to real-life application. This changes the way teams execute and track progress. Teams create a feedback loop between virtual and physical worlds that keeps improving project outcomes during the build phase.
Model-based scheduling and cost control
Project timelines work better when teams integrate project data directly into construction schedules [18]. Teams can forecast milestones more accurately and streamline resource allocation – from labor to materials and equipment. This leads to fewer delays and streamlined processes.
The financial advantages make a strong case too. VDC models give complete information about materials, quantities, and components that help create precise quantity takeoffs [18]. Teams can eliminate manual errors and improve cost control through automated calculations. The models connected to third-party software generate accurate cost estimates throughout construction [19].
VDC creates an ongoing feedback loop beyond estimation. A unified digital environment lets teams monitor budgets against live progress, manage resources well, and keep clear records of changes [20].
Reality capture and field verification
Reality capture technologies revolutionize work verification and progress tracking during construction. The key tools include:
- LiDAR scanning – Creates highly detailed 3D maps by measuring precise distances between objects that allow accurate as-built verification [1]
- Photogrammetry – Reconstructs objects and environments through photographs taken from different angles [1]
- Drone imagery – Provides aerial documentation of construction sites through unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with high-definition cameras [1]
- 360° cameras – Enables virtual walkthrough capabilities for remote site monitoring [21]
Project stakeholders can virtually walk through the jobsite from anywhere and see conditions almost instantly [1]. Teams might scan newly installed work and compare it against the design model. A contractor found that rebar was “a foot and a half lower than it should have been” after scanning it before formwork. This allowed immediate correction before pouring concrete [3].
Reducing rework through digital coordination
VDC cuts down expensive rework during construction dramatically. Research shows rework makes up about 20% of total construction costs [22]. Most problems come from undetected design conflicts.
Teams can prevent costly surprises on-site by spotting clashes before construction starts [9]. The model helps simulate construction sequences, verify constructability, and solve conflicts virtually instead of physically [23]. This proactive strategy minimizes errors that usually lead to rework.
The numbers tell a compelling story – one project’s $200,000 VDC investment saved $2.22 million in rework costs and $542,000 in schedule expenses [24]. Another contractor showed how laser scanning prevented a major error with a cooling tower pedestal, proving field verification’s value for quality control during construction [3].
Extending VDC into Operations and Maintenance
Construction projects create value that goes way beyond completion. A facility’s total lifecycle costs during maintenance can range from 15-70% of operational expenses, varying with project type and size [25]. Virtual design and construction methods can make this post-construction phase better through organized data management and digital technologies.
Creating and using digital twins
Digital twins are virtual copies of physical assets that keep updating throughout a facility’s lifecycle. These twins differ from static BIM models because they can simulate, predict, and guide decisions based on real-life conditions [26]. They develop through different maturity levels:
- Descriptive twins provide visual replicas with editable design data
- Informative twins blend sensor and operations data for real-time insights
- Predictive twins capture contextual data to spot potential issues
- Comprehensive twins use advanced modeling for future scenarios
- Autonomous twins employ artificial intelligence to make decisions [26]
Facility managers can test “what-if” scenarios through these digital copies. They can explore design changes, weather disruptions, and security events without touching the physical asset [26]. One engineering laboratory showed amazing results – their digital twin cut down average repair time to one-fifth and reduced maintenance problems by 50% [25].
Handover with Common Data Environment (CDE)
The Common Data Environment works as the main channel to transfer construction data to operations teams. CDEs collect, manage, and share documentation and data for everyone involved in the project [27]. This standard method removes barriers to teamwork while creating a permanent audit trail [28].
CDEs build the base for digital twins and help systems work together [29]. Teams should start the CDE-supported process early in construction rather than waiting until the end [30]. Starting early means no information gets lost or becomes expensive to recover later [30].
Improving facility management with VDC data
VDC methods naturally fit into facility operations by connecting physical structure, organizational dynamics, and work processes [25]. This connection helps teams:
- Find assets quickly through digital models
- Access maintenance manuals and warranties instantly
- See how equipment relates to each other
- Know what tools they need and how to access areas [30]
This approach solves a big problem in facilities management – slow communication [25]. Teams can quickly spot and fix issues by creating structured maintenance data that follows standards like COBie [25]. VDC also enables better contracts that reward facility performance, including IPD arrangements where teams share risks and rewards of yearly maintenance budgets [25].
The investment pays off well. Using virtual design and construction data from projects helps owners get more value from their investments while making operations more efficient [30].
Conclusion
Conclusion
Virtual design and construction changes how project managers plan, execute, and maintain construction projects. This piece shows how VDC tackles the construction industry’s $15.8 billion annual waste problem with digital workflows. Without doubt, the POP (Product, Process, Organization) framework forms the foundations of this change. Teams can build symbolic models before they commit major resources.
Success depends on building strong VDC teams. Project managers, VDC managers, designers, and contractors need to work together in well-laid-out ICE sessions to get the best results. On top of that, cloud-based technologies let teams collaborate like never before in different locations. This cuts down errors by a lot through early clash detection and virtual reality validation.
VDC brings real benefits during construction through model-based scheduling, reality capture, and digital coordination. Numbers tell the story—contractors who use VDC see 73% fewer errors and 65% fewer defects at handover. They also boost productivity by 14-15%. These benefits go way beyond project completion. Digital twins and common data environments make facility operations better throughout a building’s life.
Starting with VDC might look tough at first. But evidence shows that companies using these methods gain big competitive edges. Your construction projects will see less rework, better collaboration, and smoother lifecycle management when you properly implement virtual design and construction.
FAQs
Q1. What is Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) and how does it differ from BIM? Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is a comprehensive approach that uses digital tools, including BIM, to enhance project planning, construction efficiency, and cost management. While BIM focuses on creating 3D digital models with project data, VDC encompasses a broader methodology that integrates these models with lean project delivery principles to improve collaboration and solve issues before physical construction begins.
Q2. What are the key responsibilities of a VDC Project Manager? A VDC Project Manager oversees the implementation of BIM requirements, coordinates VDC processes, and ensures alignment with the BIM execution plan. They provide strategic leadership to increase organizational competence in BIM/VDC, support business development efforts, and foster innovation. Additionally, they manage all aspects of VDC processes and guide the implementation of digital technology and tools for construction.
Q3. How does VDC improve project outcomes during the construction phase? VDC enhances project outcomes during construction through model-based scheduling, reality capture technologies, and digital coordination. It allows for precise resource allocation, accurate cost control, and real-time progress tracking. VDC also significantly reduces rework by identifying and resolving conflicts virtually before they occur on-site, leading to substantial cost and time savings.
Q4. What software tools are commonly used in VDC implementation? Various software tools are used in VDC implementation, with Revit being a foundational one. Revit allows AEC professionals to create informed 3D models integrating architectural, structural, and MEP components. Other tools include BIM360 and Autodesk Construction Cloud for cloud-based collaboration, Navisworks for clash detection, and various reality capture technologies like LiDAR scanners and photogrammetry software.
Q5. How does VDC extend into the operations and maintenance phase of a project? VDC extends into operations and maintenance through the creation of digital twins, use of Common Data Environments (CDE), and improved facility management. Digital twins provide virtual replicas of physical assets for simulating and predicting operational scenarios. CDEs facilitate smooth data handover from construction to operations teams. VDC data also supports quick asset location, immediate access to maintenance information, and visualization of equipment relationships, significantly improving operational efficiency and reducing maintenance costs.
References
[1] – https://bimforum.global/reality-capture-in-vdc/
[2] – https://www.crbgroup.com/insights/onesolution/bim-vdc
[3] – https://bimlearningcenter.com/the-weitz-co-takes-vdc-to-the-next-level-with-innovative-laser-scanning-approach/
[4] – https://leanconstruction.org/lean-topics/virtual-design-and-construction-vdc-for-lean/
[5] – https://www.tealhq.com/job/project-manager-vdc_d02fd65a-7960-4c1e-a669-55830f8aa0b6
[6] – https://nwrecruitingpartners.com/construction/bim-vdc-manager-job-description/
[7] – https://r-o.com/careers/regional-vdc-manager
[8] – https://www.lviassociates.com/en-jp/job/vdc-manager-baltimore-based-pr546116_1747736814
[9] – https://www.autodesk.com/solutions/virtual-design-construction-workflow
[10] – https://pmworldlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/pmwj144-Aug2024-Arguelles-Virtual-Design-and-Construction-implementation-guide.pdf
[11] – https://bimcorner.com/vdc-ice-sessions-in-practice-part-1/
[12] – https://bimcorner.com/vdc-and-integrated-concurrent-engineering-ice-sessions-in-practice-part-2/
[13] – https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349405793_Proposal_for_the_application_of_ICE_and_BIM_sessions_to_increase_productivity_in_construction
[14] – https://matterport.com/blog/virtual-design-and-construction?srsltid=AfmBOooSJ4tGsOI7n53zDefwvUZro6ZMNt_ZNxoosP0vRbWkOchP50mG
[15] – https://www.autodesk.com/blogs/construction/bim-clash-detection/
[16] – https://dbia.org/blog/the-true-value-of-clash-detection-a-detailed-return-on-investment-roi-case-study/
[17] – https://www.autodesk.com/autodesk-university/article/Viewing-Space-Its-Space-Virtual-Reality-Design-Verification-2017
[18] – https://enginerio.com/blog/how-vdc-revolutionizing-construction-industry/
[19] – https://www.teslaoutsourcingservices.com/blog/how-virtual-design-and-construction-helps-in-cost-effective-construction/
[20] – https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/virtual-design-construction-vdc-leveraging-digital-environments-fflbe
[21] – https://www.dronedeploy.com/blog/construction-reality-capture-the-foundation-for-building-smarter
[22] – https://govdesignhub.com/2022/09/08/studies-show-cloud-based-model-coordination-reduces-rework/
[23] – https://cmicglobal.com/resources/article/The-Application-of-Virtual-Construction-for-General-Contractors
[24] – https://interscaleedu.com/en/blog/cad/virtual-design-and-construction/
[25] – https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382665500_An_Integrated_Facility_Management_System_Supported_in_Vdc_and_Lean
[26] – https://www.autodesk.com/design-make/emerging-tech/digital-twin/architecture-engineering-construction
[27] – https://construction.autodesk.com/resources/document-management/whats-a-common-data-environment-and-why-it-matters-infographic?s=
[28] – https://www.oracle.com/construction-engineering/what-is-cde-and-bim/
[29] – https://blog.bentley.com/insights/is-a-common-data-environment-worth-the-investment/
[30] – https://www.dpr.com/media/blog/putting-vdc-to-work-beyond-the-jobsite